Alternator: signs of a fault and when to replace it
The engine starts, but the red battery light stays on. Your headlights dim at idle and the radio resets itself after a few minutes. When that happens the battery is rarely the real problem: the alternator has stopped charging it.
An alternator is the generator that recharges the battery and powers the whole electrical system while the engine runs, at a charging voltage of 13.8 to 14.4 volts. A failing alternator shows three main signs: a battery warning light that stays lit with the engine running, lights that dim and brighten, and a metallic whine that rises with engine speed. This guide covers what an alternator does, how to tell it apart from a flat battery, how far you can still drive and how long an alternator lasts.
If the warning light stays on while you drive, get the charging voltage measured straight away: battery and charging system check at a MOTRIO garage.
What does an alternator do and where is it fitted
A car alternator converts mechanical energy from the engine into electrical energy. While you drive it powers the headlights, air conditioning, control units and infotainment, and at the same time it recharges the battery, which on its own is really only there to crank the engine.
Inside the unit, a rotor spins within a stator and produces alternating current. A diode bridge converts it to direct current and a voltage regulator holds the output steady at around 14 volts, the level a 12 volt battery needs to recharge safely.
Where the alternator is fitted: on most cars it sits at the front of the engine, low down on one side, driven by the auxiliary belt from the crankshaft pulley. On some newer models it is tucked under the inlet manifold, so other parts have to come off before it can be reached.
On a modern car the alternator runs close to its limit most of the time, because the number of electrical systems on board has grown steadily. That is one reason charging faults are noticed more often than they used to be.
How to tell if your alternator is failing
The clearest of the bad alternator symptoms is the red battery warning light staying on after start up. It does not mean the battery is empty: it means the charging circuit is no longer doing its job.
The other signs affect anything that draws current. Headlights pulse or dim at idle, dashboard lighting drops when the air conditioning kicks in, electric windows slow down, wipers lose speed and the stereo restarts on its own. Some cars display a charging system fault message instead of a symbol.
A whine or metallic grinding that rises with engine speed usually points to worn alternator bearings. A smell of burning rubber after a long climb suggests the belt is slipping on the pulley instead.
If you are unsure which symbol has appeared, the guide to car warning lights explains what each dashboard colour and icon means.
Flat battery or faulty alternator? How to tell the difference
The jump lead test answers the question in a minute. If the car starts on jump leads and then dies as soon as the leads come off, the alternator is at fault. If it keeps running and starts again the next morning, the battery was the problem.
The second test uses a multimeter across the battery terminals. With the engine off, a healthy battery reads 12.4 to 12.7 volts. With the engine running, the reading should rise to between 13.8 and 14.4 volts. Below 13 volts the alternator is not charging. Above 15 volts the regulator has failed and is overcharging the battery.
A third clue is hard to misread: a battery replaced only weeks ago that goes flat again almost always means the alternator is not putting charge back in.
Do not confuse the two warning lights. The battery warning light refers to the charging circuit rather than the state of charge, so it can appear with a brand new battery fitted. If you do end up stranded, the guide on what to do in a car breakdown sets out the safe steps to follow.
Can you drive with a failing alternator
You can, but not for long. With the alternator out of action the car runs on whatever charge is left in the battery, which typically lasts 20 to 40 minutes in daylight. At night, with headlights and wipers running, that window often halves.
If the light comes on mid journey, switch off everything you can spare: air conditioning, heated seats, phone charging, the stereo. Head for the nearest garage and avoid switching off the engine, because restarting on a drained battery is unlikely.
The real risk is not damage to the alternator but being stranded somewhere unsafe. Below a certain voltage the control units behave unpredictably, the power steering can feel heavier and the engine eventually cuts out without warning.
If the car will not start at all and you only hear a single click, the starter motor is the more likely cause rather than the alternator.
How long does an alternator last and when to replace it
An alternator lifespan is usually between 150,000 and 250,000 miles, which on most cars means well over ten years. Repeated short journeys, heat in the engine bay and a tired battery that constantly demands charge all shorten it.
Alternator replacement is not always the answer. Depending on the diagnosis, only the voltage regulator, the brushes or the belt may need renewing, which avoids removing the whole unit.
The alternator belt deserves a check at the same time. It drives the pulley from the crankshaft, so a slack, cracked or glazed alternator belt stops the charging even when the unit itself is healthy. A sharp squeal on a cold start or when the air conditioning engages is the usual warning sign. The belt should be inspected at every service, as explained in the guide to car belts.
A workshop test is more reliable than a home multimeter reading. On a bench tester the charging circuit is loaded the way it is on the road, which reveals a burnt diode or an intermittent regulator that a static voltage check misses.
Replacing an alternator on most cars takes between one and three hours, depending on how accessible the unit is once the belt has been removed.
Alternator and charging system checks at a MOTRIO garage
Motrio garages check charging voltage with the engine running, inspect the belt and pulleys and load test the battery. That combination shows quickly whether the part to replace is the alternator, the battery or simply a corroded earth connection.
Motrio is a network of independent garages backed by the Renault Group, using quality parts and offering a 1-year warranty on parts and labour.
If your battery warning light has come on or your lights are dimming, book a charging system check at your nearest Motrio garage and ask for a quote.